There's a huge number of artists who only ever have one successful recording. I'm going to start a list here, as I think of them, not so much of artists with only one success, but more artists where I only really like one of their records.
If anyone wants to start a list of their own, feel free to do so in a reply and add them by using Edit as and when you feel inclined.
Here's my list:
Donnie Elbert: A Little Piece of Leather
The Chiffons: Sweet Talking Guy
The Ramsey Lewis Trio: Wade In The Water
The Spencer Davis Group: Keep On Running
Jimmy Ruffin: What Becomes of the Broken Hearted
The Shirelles: Will You Love Me Tomorrow
Louis Jordan & Ella FitzGerald: Stone Cold Dead In The Market
Rose Murphy: I Can't Give You Anything But Love
The Pretenders: Talk Of The Town
Fontella Bass: Rescue Me